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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Redox Status and Muscle Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights from Various Rat Hindlimb Muscles.

A B Oyenihi1, T Ollewagen1, K H Myburgh1

  • 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes muscle atrophy and weakness. This study found hindlimb muscles respond differently to RA, with some losing mass and others gaining it, alongside increased oxidative stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal muscle physiology
  • Rheumatology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly leads to muscle atrophy and weakness.
  • Existing research primarily focuses on the vastus lateralis muscle, with limited comparative data across multiple muscles.
  • Understanding differential muscle responses in RA is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential effects of collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis on muscle ultrastructure and redox status in various hindlimb muscles of female Sprague-Dawley rats.
  • To compare the susceptibility of gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, and vastus lateralis muscles to rheumatoid cachexia and associated biochemical changes.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of rheumatoid arthritis in female Sprague-Dawley rats using collagen.
  • Assessment of muscle mass, cross-sectional area, and collagen deposition in gastrocnemius, EDL, soleus, and vastus lateralis muscles.
  • Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and antioxidant activity (FRAP) in muscle tissues.

Main Results:

  • Gastrocnemius, EDL, and soleus muscles showed significant loss of muscle mass and cross-sectional area, while vastus lateralis exhibited increased muscle mass.
  • All four muscles displayed signs of rheumatoid cachexia, with increased collagen deposition.
  • Elevated ROS levels were observed in gastrocnemius, EDL, and soleus, but not in vastus lateralis.
  • Gastrocnemius showed increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity.

Conclusions:

  • Skeletal muscles exhibit differential responses to the chronic inflammatory challenge of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • The vastus lateralis muscle demonstrates relative resistance to cachexia compared to gastrocnemius, EDL, and soleus.
  • Redox balance is significantly altered in affected muscles, highlighting the role of oxidative stress in RA-induced myopathy.