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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance
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[Glaucoma Surgery in Anterior Segment Dysgeneses].

Christian van Oterendorp1

  • 1Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.

Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Anterior segment dysgeneses are rare congenital eye disorders. This review covers their embryology, phenotypes like primary congenital glaucoma, and surgical treatments for associated glaucoma.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Anterior segment dysgeneses (ASDs) are rare, sporadic congenital eye malformations.
  • Their clinical presentation and affected ocular structures vary widely.
  • Glaucoma complicates approximately 50% of ASD cases, either primarily or post-surgically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the embryological origins of ASDs.
  • To describe the spectrum of ASD phenotypes, including primary congenital glaucoma, Axenfeld Rieger syndrome, and Peters anomaly.
  • To discuss current surgical management strategies for glaucoma in ASD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on embryology, clinical features, and surgical interventions for ASDs.
  • Analysis of current surgical techniques for intraocular pressure reduction.

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  • Emphasis on microcatheter-assisted 360° trabeculotomy and glaucoma drainage devices in pediatric cases.

    • Main Results:

    • ASDs arise from developmental errors during early eye formation.
    • Key phenotypes include primary congenital glaucoma, Axenfeld Rieger syndrome, and Peters anomaly.
    • Surgical options for glaucoma management are evolving, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding ASD embryology is crucial for diagnosis and management.
    • Timely surgical intervention is necessary to prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
    • Advanced surgical techniques offer improved outcomes for pediatric glaucoma associated with ASDs.