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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methanol by Iron Tetradentate Phosphine Complex Through Amidation Strategy

Jiaojiao Bi1,2, Pengfei Hou1,2, Fang-Wei Liu1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Rd, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.

Chemsuschem
|May 4, 2019
PubMed

Keywords:
amidationcarbon dioxideelectrocatalysisironmethanol

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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
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Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
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Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
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