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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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Systemic therapy for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Kelly Fitzgerald1, Katy K Tsai2

  • 1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

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|May 4, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) treatment lacks consensus. Systemic therapies like chemotherapy, EGFR-inhibitors, and immunotherapy show varied efficacy, with PD-1 inhibitors emerging as promising for advanced cSCC.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • The incidence of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rising, with a significant percentage metastasizing.
  • Current treatment guidelines for advanced or metastatic cSCC lack definitive consensus.
  • Limited randomized controlled trial (RCT) data exists for systemic treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature supporting systemic treatment modalities for advanced cSCC.
  • To discuss the clinical utility of chemotherapy, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
  • To address the ongoing uncertainty in preferred systemic regimens, especially for immunocompromised patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on systemic treatments for advanced cSCC.
  • Analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case studies, and patient cohorts.
  • Discussion of treatment efficacy, adverse effects, and clinical applicability.

Main Results:

  • Chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin-based regimens) showed a 34% overall response rate in one RCT.
  • EGFR-inhibitors (cetuximab, panitumumab, gefitinib) demonstrated response rates of 15-31% in RCTs.
  • Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, like cemiplimab, show promising outcomes and have received FDA approval for advanced cSCC.

Conclusions:

  • While PD-1 inhibitors represent a significant advance, the optimal systemic treatment for advanced cSCC remains undetermined.
  • Chemotherapy and EGFR-targeted therapies have demonstrated some efficacy but are limited by data and side effects.
  • Further research is needed to establish clear treatment guidelines, particularly for specific patient populations.