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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

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A Sensitive Visual Method for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria

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Published on: June 27, 2022

Hydrogen sulfide and dermatological diseases.

Silvia A Coavoy-Sánchez¹, Soraia K P Costa¹, Marcelo N Muscará¹

¹Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

British Journal of Pharmacology

|May 4, 2019

Summary

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays key roles in skin health and disease. Therapies using H2S donors show promise for treating various dermatological conditions.

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Skin diseases are prevalent, with diverse causes including inflammation, infections, and tumors.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gasotransmitter, is endogenously produced in the skin.
H2S regulates critical skin functions like vasodilation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of H2S in normal skin physiology.
To discuss the clinical and pathological significance of H2S alterations in dermatological diseases.
To explore the therapeutic potential of H2S donors for skin conditions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing research on H2S in dermatology.
Analysis of enzymic pathways for H2S production in the skin.
Examination of H2S dysregulation in diseases like psoriasis and melanoma.
Evaluation of H2S-releasing compounds as therapeutic agents.

Main Results:

H2S is integral to normal skin homeostasis.
Altered H2S levels are linked to various skin pathologies.
H2S-based therapies are emerging as a treatment strategy.

Conclusions:

H2S is a critical mediator in skin health and disease.
Targeting H2S pathways offers potential for novel dermatological treatments.
Further research into H2S donors is warranted for clinical application.