Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

6.0K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
6.0K
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

47.7K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
47.7K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

9.3K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
9.3K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

6.3K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
6.3K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

2.1K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
2.1K
Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

56.8K
Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
56.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comprehensive multi-omic dissection and AI-prioritized target identification in inverted papilloma-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

NPJ precision oncology·2026
Same author

Depleting prion protein using splice-switching small molecules.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Engineered Heart Tissues Facilitate Noncoding Variant Studies in Cardiomyopathy.

Circulation research·2026
Same author

Outbred <i>Drosophila</i> populations reveal diet-dependent genetic effects on development time.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Allele Frequencies at Recessive Disease Genes are Mainly Determined by Pleiotropic Effects in Heterozygotes.

Genetics·2026
Same author

Genetic variants affect diurnal glucose levels throughout the day.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Regulation of Hormone Secretion
01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

6.0K

Trans Effects on Gene Expression Can Drive Omnigenic Inheritance.

Xuanyao Liu1, Yang I Li2, Jonathan K Pritchard3

  • 1Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Cell
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Most complex trait heritability comes from many common genetic variants with small effects. A new model explains this by partitioning genetic contributions into direct and indirect effects, highlighting the role of peripheral genes in complex trait architecture.

Keywords:
cis-eQTLscomplex traitscore genesgenetic architectureheritabilityomnigenic modelpolygenic modeltrans-eQTLs

More Related Videos

Hormonal Regulation of Digestion
01:40

Hormonal Regulation of Digestion

47.7K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles
01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Regulation of Hormone Secretion
01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

6.0K
Hormonal Regulation of Digestion
01:40

Hormonal Regulation of Digestion

47.7K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles
01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

9.3K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Complex Trait Genetics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Early genome-wide association studies (GWASs) revealed that common variants with small effects explain most heritability for complex traits.
  • Existing models struggle to fully account for this observed genetic architecture.
  • A need exists for new theoretical frameworks to understand the genetic basis of complex traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a formal model partitioning genetic contributions to complex traits.
  • To explain how numerous common variants with small effects can drive substantial heritability.
  • To investigate the roles of direct and indirect genetic effects in trait determination.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a formal genetic model.
  • Partitioning genetic contributions into direct (core genes) and indirect (peripheral genes) effects.
  • Modeling the impact of trans-eQTL SNPs on core gene expression via peripheral genes.

Main Results:

  • The model suggests heritability is largely driven by weak trans-eQTL SNPs acting indirectly.
  • Peripheral gene variations can amplify effects on core genes, especially when core genes are co-regulated.
  • This mechanism explains how numerous variants with tiny effects collectively contribute to trait heritability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model provides a framework for understanding the architecture of complex traits.
  • Weak trans-acting variants, mediated by peripheral genes, are key drivers of heritability.
  • Co-regulation of core genes amplifies the impact of peripheral genetic variation on complex traits.