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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Quantification of Circular RNAs Using Digital Droplet PCR
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Circle the Wagons: Circular RNAs Control Innate Immunity.

Jeremy E Wilusz1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cell
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Circular RNAs bind and inhibit the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent kinase PKR. Viral infection triggers circular RNA degradation, releasing and activating PKR for an enhanced immune response.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are prevalent regulatory molecules derived from protein-coding genes.
  • The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent kinase (PKR) is a key mediator of the innate immune response to viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between circRNAs and PKR.
  • To elucidate the role of circRNAs in modulating PKR activity during viral infection.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing and analysis to identify circRNAs.
  • Biochemical assays to confirm circRNA-PKR binding and inhibition.
  • Viral infection models to study circRNA dynamics and PKR activation.

Main Results:

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  • Numerous circRNAs were found to bind and inhibit the activity of PKR.
  • Viral infection led to the global degradation of circRNAs.
  • The release and subsequent activation of PKR were observed upon circRNA degradation.

Conclusions:

  • circRNAs act as endogenous inhibitors of PKR.
  • The degradation of circRNAs during viral infection is a critical step for PKR activation and mounting an effective antiviral immune response.