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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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What is a Mode?01:07

What is a Mode?

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The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Mode coupling by scattering in chiral nematic liquid crystal ring lasing.

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    Dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystals achieve efficient lasing due to their reflective structure. Light scattering within the crystal couples modes, explaining observed ring lasing phenomena and matching experimental outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystals exhibit efficient lasing due to their inherent periodic structure and high reflectivity.
    • Lasing typically occurs normal to substrates when the helical axis is perpendicular, but ring lasing in an emission cone is also observed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of ring lasing in dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystals.
    • To explain the optical coupling between normal and inclined modes caused by light scattering.
    • To validate a numerical model against experimental observations.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a numerical model incorporating spontaneous emission, optical gain, and light scattering.
    • Simulation of light propagation and mode coupling within the liquid crystal layer.
    • Comparison of simulation results with experimental data on lasing characteristics.

    Main Results:

    • Light scattering in the liquid crystal layer effectively couples normal and inclined optical modes.
    • The numerical model accurately reproduces experimentally observed emission patterns, including ring lasing.
    • Scattering is identified as the key phenomenon responsible for the observed lasing characteristics.

    Conclusions:

    • Scattering-induced mode coupling is crucial for understanding complex lasing behaviors in these materials.
    • The developed numerical model provides a reliable tool for predicting and analyzing lasing properties.
    • This research offers insights into optimizing liquid crystal lasers for various applications.