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Related Concept Videos

Distribution and Dispersion00:54

Distribution and Dispersion

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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

Absolute and Local Extreme Values

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Extremely high dispersions in heterogeneously coupled waveguides.

Md Borhan Mia, Nafiz Jaidye, Sangsik Kim

    Optics Express
    |May 5, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a novel silicon/silicon nitride waveguide structure for extremely high dispersion, enabling advanced ultrafast signal processing and spectroscopy. This design offers tunable dispersion properties for specialized photonic applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science and Engineering
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Waveguide structures are crucial for manipulating light in photonic integrated circuits.
    • Achieving extremely high dispersion is essential for applications like optical buffering and signal processing.
    • Existing waveguide designs often face limitations in dispersion magnitude and tunability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel heterogeneously coupled silicon/silicon nitride (Si/SiN) waveguide structure.
    • To demonstrate the capability of achieving extremely high dispersions (> | ± 107| ps · nm-1km-1).
    • To investigate the tunability of dispersion properties through geometric parameter engineering.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulations of a heterogeneously coupled Si/SiO2/SiN waveguide.

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  • Analysis of mode coupling between Si and SiN waveguides.
  • Development of analytical models to explain the influence of geometric parameters.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed structure exhibits strong mode coupling, leading to normal dispersion in the symmetric mode and anomalous dispersion in the anti-symmetric mode.
    • Extremely high dispersion values were numerically achieved and validated.
    • Geometric parameters were shown to effectively control peak dispersions and the central wavelength of mode coupling.

    Conclusions:

    • The heterogeneously coupled Si/SiN waveguide offers a promising platform for ultra-high dispersion.
    • The design's tunability allows for customization for specific applications.
    • This technology has significant potential for ultrafast signal processing and spectroscopic applications.