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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...

Phase Changes

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Optically rewritable dynamic phase grating based on blue-phase-templated azobenzene liquid crystal.

Hung-Chang Jau, Yi-Ting Lin, Cheng-Chang Li

|May 5, 2019

Summary

We developed a dynamic phase grating using liquid crystals that can be rewritten with light. This technology offers fast, polarization-independent diffraction and optical control over grating patterns.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station

Published on: April 1, 2020

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optics
Liquid Crystal Physics

Background:

Dynamic phase gratings are crucial for optical switching and information processing.
Existing technologies often face limitations in rewritability, response speed, or polarization dependence.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel optically rewritable dynamic phase grating.
To demonstrate its unique properties and potential applications in optical devices.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a polymer-templated azo liquid crystal in a blue-phase structure.
Patterning alternating blue-phase and light-induced isotropic-phase regions using ultraviolet illumination.
Investigating electro-optic switching via applied voltage and optical control via azobenzene photoisomerism.

Main Results:

The grating exhibits hidden diffraction in the field-off state due to index matching.
Applied voltage induces a refractive index change in blue-phase regions, enabling diffraction.
Achieved sub-millisecond electro-optic response with polarization-independent diffraction efficiency.
Demonstrated optical patterning, erasure, and re-patterning of grating geometries.

Conclusions:

The proposed azo liquid crystal blue-phase grating offers a versatile platform for dynamic optical control.
Its optically rewritable nature and fast response open possibilities for advanced photonic applications.