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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

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In mechanical engineering, one-degree-of-freedom systems form the basis of a wide range of electrical and mechanical components. Using these models, engineers can predict the behavior of various parts in a larger system, which gives them insight into how different forces interact with each other.
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For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.

Degrees of Freedom

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The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.

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The degree of curvature and the radius of curvature are fundamental concepts in determining the sharpness or smoothness of a curve. The degree of curvature is a measure of how steeply a curve bends and can be determined using the chord basis or the arc basis. In the chord basis method, the degree of curvature is defined as the central angle subtended by a chord of 30.48 meters, helping in the calculation of the radius of the curve. The arc basis method defines the degree of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

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Design for polymer optical waveguides realizing efficient light coupling via 45-degree mirrors.

Yoshie Morimoto, Takaaki Ishigure

|May 5, 2019

Summary

We developed graded-index (GI) circular-core waveguides for efficient light coupling using 45-degree mirrors. These GI waveguides significantly reduce total link loss compared to step-index (SI) designs.

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Photonics
Waveguide Design

Background:

Low-loss light coupling is crucial for optical communication systems.
Traditional step-index (SI) waveguides face challenges with insertion loss, especially when integrated with mirror structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and optimize graded-index (GI) circular-core waveguides for low-loss light coupling.
To evaluate the performance of GI waveguides with 45-degree mirrors compared to SI waveguides.

Main Methods:

Utilized a ray-trace simulator to model and analyze waveguide performance.
Investigated key structural parameters: cladding thickness, core size, refractive index, and mirror angle.
Determined optimal waveguide parameters for minimizing insertion loss.

Main Results:

Identified optimal structural parameters for GI circular-core waveguides.
Fabricated GI waveguides demonstrated significantly lower total link loss than SI waveguides.
Tight optical confinement in GI-cores effectively reduced loss increments from mirror structures.

Conclusions:

Graded-index circular-core waveguides offer a superior solution for low-loss light coupling with 45-degree mirrors.
Optimized GI waveguide designs provide substantial improvements over conventional SI waveguides.
The study highlights the benefits of GI-core optical confinement for integrated optical components.