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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Vortex laser by transforming Gaussian mode with an interferometric output coupler.

W R Kerridge-Johns, J W T Geberbauer, M J Damzen

|May 5, 2019

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We developed a novel high-power vortex laser using interferometric mode transformation. This method achieves high efficiency and selectable handedness for structured laser beams, overcoming previous limitations.

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Area of Science:

Laser physics
Quantum optics
Photonics

Background:

Direct generation of high-power vortex beams is often limited by efficiency and specific laser requirements.
Existing methods may restrict power, efficiency, or necessitate specialized pump sources and gain media.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a new high-power, high-efficiency vortex laser methodology.
To utilize interferometric mode transformation for output coupling in a laser system.
To achieve selectable handedness and high-quality vortex beams from a laser source.

Main Methods:

Implemented an imbalanced Sagnac interferometer as an output coupler in a diode-pumped Neodymium-doped Yttrium Orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) laser.
Maintained a fundamental Gaussian mode within the laser cavity.
Employed high power handling, low loss, and wavelength-versatile optics.

Main Results:

Generated high-quality vortex output beams with a beam quality factor (M²) of 2.07.
Achieved selectable control over the handedness of the vortex beams.
Produced vortex output power exceeding 3W with only a minor reduction in efficiency compared to a standard TEM00 laser.
Demonstrated continuous tunability of vortex output coupling transmission and vortex quality, aligning well with theoretical predictions.

Conclusions:

The proposed interferometric mode transformation offers a new pathway for direct generation of high-power structured laser radiation.
This methodology overcomes limitations of previous vortex beam generation techniques, enabling versatile and efficient output.
The system provides a practical approach for producing high-quality vortex beams with controllable properties directly from the laser source.