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Related Concept Videos

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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Adverse Events Following Cancer Immunotherapy: Obstacles and Opportunities.

Kristen E Pauken1, Michael Dougan2, Noel R Rose3

  • 1Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|May 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1 and CTLA-4 offers new hope but can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Understanding irAEs is crucial for improving cancer treatment and autoimmune disease research.

Keywords:
autoimmunitycancer immunotherapycheckpoint blockadeimmune-related adverse eventstolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, has transformed cancer treatment.
  • While effective for many patients, these therapies frequently cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
  • Checkpoint pathways are vital for regulating adaptive immunity and preventing self-attack.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the causes and management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with cancer immunotherapy.
  • To leverage the study of irAEs to deepen the understanding of human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
  • To identify potential improvements in therapies for both cancer and autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cancer immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events.
  • Analysis of the immunological mechanisms underlying checkpoint blockade and irAEs.
  • Exploration of the translational potential of irAE research for autoimmune diseases.

Main Results:

  • Checkpoint blockade therapies demonstrate significant efficacy in a subset of cancer patients.
  • Immune-related adverse events are common complications, stemming from the disruption of immune regulatory pathways.
  • irAEs offer a unique model for studying human autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into the etiology and mitigation of irAEs is essential as immunotherapy use expands.
  • Studying irAEs can provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • This research holds promise for enhancing treatments for both cancer and autoimmune disorders.