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Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Induced by Primary Blast: A Fluid-Structure Interaction Study.

Junfei Tong1, Sachin Kedar2, Deepta Ghate3

  • 1Department of Mechanical and MaterialsEngineering,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE 68588-0656e-mail: junfei.tong@huskers.unl.edu.

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Blast waves can cause traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), leading to vision loss. This study models eye dynamics to understand TON mechanisms and identify vulnerable optic nerve areas.

Keywords:
cerebrospinal fluid pressurefluid–structure interactionindirect traumatic optic neuropathyintraocular pressureprimary blaststrain rate

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurotrauma

Background:

  • Current understanding of traumatic ocular injury is limited, with a focus on anterior eye damage.
  • Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), damage to the optic nerve, is poorly understood, especially following blast injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) after primary blast exposure.
  • To develop and utilize a fluid-structure interaction model for simulating ocular dynamics under blast waves.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an axisymmetric 3D eye model incorporating orbital structures.
  • Simulated the eye's response to blast waves using computational modeling.
  • Analyzed pressure dynamics in vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Main Results:

  • Numerical simulations showed transient pressure increases in vitreous and CSF.
  • High strain rates (>100 s⁻¹) were observed in the optic nerve during the blast.
  • The intracanalicular region of the optic nerve was identified as the most vulnerable area.

Conclusions:

  • High strain rates in the optic nerve during blast exposure may cause axonal damage and vision loss.
  • This research enhances the understanding of indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.
  • Findings can guide the development of protective eyewear against blast-induced optic nerve injuries.