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Magnetoreception in fish.

Krzysztof Formicki1, Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz1, Adam Tański1

  • 1Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.

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Summary

Organisms can sense magnetic fields, a fundamental ability likely among the first sensory systems. This review explores how fish, from embryos to adults, perceive and react to natural and human-made magnetic fields.

Keywords:
fishmagnetic fieldmagnetic senseontogenetic stages

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Sensory Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Magnetoreception, the sense of magnetic fields, is widespread across taxa, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin.
  • Fishes exhibit diverse responses to magnetic fields, impacting both migratory and sedentary species.
  • Anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields are increasingly prevalent in aquatic environments, necessitating research into their effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing research on the effects and reception of magnetic fields in fish across all developmental stages.
  • To synthesize findings on how fish perceive natural and human-generated magnetic fields.
  • To highlight knowledge gaps in understanding fish magnetoreception mechanisms and ecological relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on fish magnetoreception.
  • Chronological organization of research from gametes to adult fish orientation.
  • Analysis of studies investigating responses to magnetic fields of varying intensities and origins.

Main Results:

  • Magnetoreception is observed across various fish ontogenetic stages, from gametes to larvae and adults.
  • Fish exhibit directional responses and orientation behaviors influenced by magnetic fields.
  • Evidence suggests a commonality in the effects of magnetic fields across different developmental phases.

Conclusions:

  • Fish possess a sophisticated magnetoreception system crucial for various life stages.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the mechanisms of fish magnetoreception and its ecological implications.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital given the increasing anthropogenic magnetic field pollution in aquatic ecosystems.