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Related Concept Videos

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

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The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

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The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models
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ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Dysphagia.

, Angela D Levy1, Laura R Carucci2

  • 1Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
|May 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review guides initial imaging for dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). Modified barium swallow or fluoroscopic biphasic esophagram are recommended based on dysphagia type and cause, ensuring appropriate diagnostic pathways.

Keywords:
AUCAppropriate Use CriteriaAppropriateness CriteriaCTDysphagiaEsophagramEsophagusModified barium swallowOropharynx

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, necessitates accurate initial imaging for diagnosis.
  • Current literature and guidelines offer varying recommendations for imaging modalities.
  • Timely and appropriate imaging is crucial for effective dysphagia management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on the initial imaging of dysphagia.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for imaging modalities based on dysphagia type and patient population.
  • To align with the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria for dysphagia evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on dysphagia imaging.
  • Analysis of diagnostic yield and appropriateness of various imaging techniques.
  • Incorporation of established methodologies like RAND/UCLA and GRADE for guideline development.

Main Results:

  • Modified barium swallow is suitable for oropharyngeal dysphagia with a known cause.
  • Fluoroscopic biphasic esophagram is recommended for unexplained oropharyngeal and retrosternal dysphagia.
  • Specific imaging protocols (CT, single-contrast esophagram) are outlined for early and late postoperative dysphagia.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging recommendations for dysphagia vary based on clinical presentation and patient history.
  • Fluoroscopic and CT-based imaging play key roles in evaluating different types of dysphagia.
  • Adherence to evidence-based guidelines ensures optimal initial imaging selection for dysphagia.