Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse....

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other...

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...

Definite Integral

Definite Integral

Consider a real-valued function defined on a closed interval. One of the fundamental objectives in calculus is to determine the area under the graph of such a function. When an exact computation is not readily available, this area can be estimated by dividing the interval into a finite number of equal subintervals. Each subinterval corresponds to a rectangle whose width is the length of the subinterval and whose height is determined by the value of the function at a selected point within that...

Indefinite Integrals

Indefinite Integrals

The water inflow rate into a storage tank is not constant but increases over time. Initially, the pump delivers water at a rate of 5 L/min. However, the inflow rate increases by 2 L/min for each additional minute due to rising pressure or system adjustments. This scenario can be described mathematically by a linear function:It is necessary to integrate the inflow rate function to measure the total volume of water added to the tank over time. The total water volume V(t) is obtained by performing...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Applying the Bow Tie Method to Evaluate Emerging Risk: The Case of Carbon Capture and Water Stress.

Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis·2026

Same author

Development of a machine learning-based prediction model for hypothyroidism-associated delirium in elderly hypothyroid patients in the intensive care unit.

BMC geriatrics·2026

Same author

Association between group-based trajectory modeling of blood glucose and acute delirium incidence in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study based on the MIMIC-IV database.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Decellularized extracellular matrix bio-patch with strong and biodegradable wet adhesive interface for sutureless soft tissue defect repair.

Journal of nanobiotechnology·2025

Same author

Starch crystalline types modulate myofibrillar protein aggregation and its functional properties in gelling and emulsifying systems.

Food chemistry·2025

Same author

Real-Time Monitoring and Rapid Determination of Pork Freshness Using a Colorimetric Sensor Array Based on Porphyrin and pH Indicator Ligand Combination.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2025

Same journal

Active devices and systems for closed-loop neuromodulation.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same journal

An automated, digital immunoassay on a microfluidic cartridge for on-demand cytokine profiling.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same journal

An integrated framework TSV-INet for arbitrarily distributed TSV interposer wafer warpage simulation.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same journal

Mechanistic insights into cellular deformation enable enhanced extensional-flow cytometry for label-free classification and sorting.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same journal

AlGaN/GaN HEMT H₂ sensor with integrated Wheatstone bridge and on-chip microheater for 0.1-ppm detection.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same journal

Fully flexible large-area MEMS-based triaxial force sensor compatible with flat panel display manufacturing.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

2D and 3D Echocardiography in the Axolotl Ambystoma Mexicanum

2D and 3D Echocardiography in the Axolotl Ambystoma Mexicanum

Published on: November 29, 2018

Heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integrated microsystems.

S J Ben Yoo¹, Binbin Guan¹, Ryan P Scott¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering

|May 7, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Heterogeneous integration of 2D and 3D photonic integrated circuits (PICs) enables advanced functionalities. Combining these technologies offers new possibilities for optical communications and beam steering.

Keywords:

photonic integrated circuits three-dimensional photonics ultrafast laser inscription

More Related Videos

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Published on: December 9, 2017

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

Published on: October 1, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

2D and 3D Echocardiography in the Axolotl Ambystoma Mexicanum

2D and 3D Echocardiography in the Axolotl Ambystoma Mexicanum

Published on: November 29, 2018

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Published on: December 9, 2017

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

Published on: October 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Photonics
Integrated Circuits
Optical Communications

Background:

Exponential growth in data communication necessitates large-scale heterogeneous integration.
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are increasingly developed in both 2D and 3D formats.
Existing fabrication methods for 3D PICs include ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) and multilayer stacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the integration of 2D and 3D PICs for advanced functionalities.
To demonstrate the benefits of heterogeneous photonic integration in specific applications.
To highlight the potential of combined 2D/3D PICs for future microsystems.

Main Methods:

Utilizing ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) for freeform 3D waveguide fabrication.
Employing multilayer stacking of planar PICs for 3D PIC fabrication.
Integrating 2D and 3D PICs for applications like space-division multiplexing (SDM) and optical beam steering.

Main Results:

Demonstrated polarization-diversified SDM using 15 orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) states by combining 3D and 2D PICs.
Showcased large-scale (16x16) optical phased arrays using ULI 3D PICs.
Achieved low propagation loss and dual-polarization support in 3D PICs for OAM applications.

Conclusions:

Heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integration combines the advantages of both 2D and 3D approaches.
This integration enables novel functionalities like non-mechanical beam steering and advanced photonic signal processing.
The demonstrated applications show significant potential for future optical communication systems and integrated microsystems.