Biological Validation of RNA Sequencing Data from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Primary Melanomas

Initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have generated high-quality, multi-platform molecular data from thousands of frozen tumor samples. While these initiatives have provided invaluable insight into cancer biology, a tremendous potential resource remains largely untapped in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples that are more readily available, but which can present technical challenges due to crosslinking of fragile molecules such as RNA.

We extracted RNA from FFPE primary melanomas and assessed two gene expression platforms -- genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and targeted NanoString -- for their ability to generate coherent biological signals. To do so, we generated an improved approach to quantifying gene expression pathways, in which we refine pathway scores through correlation-guided gene subsetting. We also make comparisons to the TCGA and other publicly available melanoma datasets.

Comparison of the gene expression patterns to each other, to established biological modules, and to clinical and immunohistochemical data confirmed the fidelity of biological signals from both platforms using FFPE samples to known biology. Moreover, correlations with patient outcome data were consistent with previous frozen-tissue-based studies.

FFPE samples from previously difficult-to-access cancer types - such as small primary melanomas - represents a valuable and previously unexploited source of analyte for RNA-seq and NanoString platforms. This work provides an important step towards the use of such platforms to unlock novel molecular underpinnings and inform future biologically-driven clinical decisions.