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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance01:24

Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance

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Body tissues, comprising approximately 40% of the body weight, are crucial in drug distribution and localization. These tissues can serve as drug storage sites, competing with plasma binding sites for drug molecules.
Drugs can bind to different tissue components, enhancing their distribution and localization. The factors influencing drug localization in tissues include the drug's lipophilicity, structural characteristics, tissue perfusion rate, and pH differences. These factors determine...
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Enas Elmowafy1, Abdalla Abdal-Hay2, Athanasios Skouras3,4

  • 1a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt.

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Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with biocompatible properties, making them ideal for medical applications. This review explores their biosynthesis and use in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Keywords:
Polyhydroxyalkanoatebiosynthesisdrug deliveryprocessing technologiestissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Synthetic plastics pose environmental challenges due to non-biodegradability.
  • Naturally derived polymers offer sustainable alternatives with beneficial properties.
  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are gaining attention as promising biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
  • To explore the applications of PHAs in micro- and nano-scale drug delivery systems.
  • To discuss the use of PHAs in macro- and microporous scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on polyhydroxyalkanoates biosynthesis.
  • Analysis of studies on PHA applications in drug delivery.
  • Examination of research on PHA scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Main Results:

  • PHAs exhibit biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and high immunotolerance.
  • PHAs can be synthesized for micro- and nano-scale drug delivery applications.
  • PHA-based scaffolds show potential for tissue engineering, including extracellular matrix analogs.

Conclusions:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates are versatile biopolymers with significant potential in biomedical fields.
  • Their properties support applications in advanced drug delivery and regenerative medicine.
  • PHAs represent a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional synthetic materials in medicine.