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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Pressure Induced Nanoparticle Phase Behavior, Property, and Applications.

Feng Bai1, Kaifu Bian2, Xin Huang3

  • 1Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China.

Chemical Reviews
|May 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how high pressure affects nanoparticle (NP) behavior, phase transitions, and properties. It highlights advancements in understanding NP responses to pressure for novel applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • High pressure behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) is a critical area of research.
  • Understanding pressure-induced changes in NPs is essential for developing new materials and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in the study of pressure-induced nanoparticle phase behavior, properties, and applications.
  • To provide an overview of characterization techniques used in high-pressure NP research.
  • To discuss pressure-induced phase transitions at both atomic and mesoscale levels.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of high-pressure characterization techniques including synchrotron X-ray scattering, Raman, fluorescence, and absorption.
  • Survey of pressure-induced phase transitions in NP atomic crystal structures (size-dependent transitions, amorphization, threshold pressures).
  • Discussion of pressure-induced phase transitions in NP mesoscale structures (interparticle separation, coupling, coalescence).

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of pressure-induced atomic crystal structure transitions in various NP systems.
  • Analysis of mesoscale structural changes under high pressure, including NP coupling and coalescence.
  • Highlighting of novel properties and applications arising from pressure-induced NP transformations.

Conclusions:

  • High pressure significantly influences nanoparticle phase behavior, properties, and applications.
  • Continued research into pressure-induced phenomena in NPs will drive innovation in materials science and nanotechnology.
  • Advanced characterization techniques are crucial for understanding these complex high-pressure effects.