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Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Measuring Clonal Evolution in Cancer with Genomics.

Marc J Williams1, Andrea Sottoriva2, Trevor A Graham1

  • 1Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; email: marc.williams@qmul.ac.uk, t.graham@qmul.ac.uk.

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
|May 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer evolution is driven by genetic changes and adaptation, leading to tumor heterogeneity. Genomics helps quantify these evolutionary processes in cancer, from growth to treatment resistance.

Keywords:
cancerevolutiongenomicspopulation genetics

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Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Gastrointestinal Cancer
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cancer genomics
  • Somatic cell genetics

Background:

  • Cancers arise from somatic cells acquiring genetic alterations.
  • These mutations disrupt normal cellular regulation, enabling uncontrolled growth.
  • Cancer development and progression are viewed as evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review concepts and approaches for quantifying cancer evolution.
  • To highlight the role of genomics in studying tumor evolution.
  • To understand intratumor heterogeneity as a consequence of cancer evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis to characterize tumor evolution.
  • Quantitative measurement of evolving cancer clones.
  • Application of evolutionary biology principles to cancer.

Main Results:

  • Intratumor heterogeneity is an inevitable outcome of cancer evolution.
  • Genomics enables precise measurement of clonal evolution over time and space.
  • Understanding cancer evolution is key to addressing treatment resistance and relapse.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer is an evolutionary process driven by genetic adaptation.
  • Genomic approaches are essential for measuring and understanding tumor evolution.
  • Quantifying cancer evolution provides insights into disease progression and therapeutic challenges.