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Internal Energy02:00

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is based on a set of three base units considered absolute, and their values do not change with location. These base units are meters, kilograms, and seconds.
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External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...
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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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International Variation in Criteria for Internal Mammary Chain Radiotherapy.

F K Duane1, P McGale2, S Teoh3

  • 1St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Internal mammary chain (IMC) radiotherapy guidelines vary significantly worldwide. This impacts breast cancer treatment, leading to inconsistent patient eligibility for radiotherapy across different countries.

Keywords:
Internal mammary chaininternational criteriaradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy
  • Clinical Guidelines

Background:

  • Internal mammary chain (IMC) radiotherapy is increasingly recognized for reducing breast cancer mortality.
  • Treatment guidelines have evolved to incorporate evidence supporting IMC radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate current criteria for internal mammary chain (IMC) radiotherapy.
  • To determine the percentage of breast cancer patients in England meeting these criteria.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search for national IMC radiotherapy guidelines (2013-2018).
  • Analysis of patient and tumor variables for breast cancer radiotherapy recipients in England (2012-2016).
  • Calculation of patient eligibility percentages based on various national guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Substantial variation exists in IMC radiotherapy eligibility criteria across countries (UK, Germany, Ireland, USA).
  • Percentages of eligible patients ranged from 13% (UK RCR) to 59% (USA).
  • Differences stem from varying criteria regarding lymph node involvement and patient risk stratification.

Conclusions:

  • Despite shared evidence, significant international variability exists in IMC radiotherapy guidelines.
  • This variability likely results in disparities in clinical practice and resource allocation globally.