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Related Concept Videos

Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.
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Work Done During Volume Change01:17

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In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when the system's volume changes during any thermodynamic process.
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Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model
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Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight.

Angelique Van Ombergen1,2, Steven Jillings3,4, Ben Jeurissen5

  • 1Lab for Equilibrium Investigations and Aerospace, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; angelique.vanombergen@uantwerpen.be.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-duration spaceflight significantly increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume in brain ventricles. These changes persist long-term, suggesting reduced CSF resorption in microgravity may be the cause.

Keywords:
CSFbrainmicrogravityspaceflightventricles

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Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Space Medicine
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Long-duration spaceflight causes physiological changes in humans.
  • The residual effects and underlying mechanisms of these changes are not fully understood.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume alterations may contribute to spaceflight-induced physiological changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume within brain ventricular regions of astronauts.
  • To analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of CSF volume changes post-spaceflight.
  • To explore potential mechanisms, such as reduced CSF resorption, underlying these observed changes.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study analyzing structural brain MRI scans.
  • Region of interest analysis focused on supratentorial ventricular structures.
  • Comparison of CSF volumes preflight, immediately postflight, and at a 7-month follow-up in cosmonauts.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in lateral ventricle, third ventricle, and total ventricular CSF volumes were observed immediately postflight compared to preflight.
  • These ventricular volumes remained significantly elevated at the 7-month follow-up, indicating incomplete recovery.
  • The observed pattern suggests a reduction in CSF resorption during microgravity exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Spaceflight leads to persistent enlargement of brain ventricular CSF compartments.
  • Reduced CSF resorption in microgravity is a likely mechanism for these observed volume changes.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the long-term health implications for astronauts, including potential links to ocular changes.