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Related Concept Videos

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

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A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
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In practice, we rarely know the population standard deviation. In the past, when the sample size was large, this did not present a problem to statisticians. They used the sample standard deviation s as an estimate for σ and proceeded as before to calculate a confidence interval with close enough results. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
William S. Gosset (1876–1937) of the...
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Functionalism01:11

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William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce were instrumental in founding functional psychology, which draws heavily from Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory suggests that individual traits, including behaviors, are adapted to their environments through natural selection. At the heart of functionalism is the concept of adaptation, meaning that a trait enhances an individual's chances of survival and reproduction.
James envisioned psychology's...
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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
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Is the function of the HBeAg really unknown?

David R Milich1,2

  • 1Department of Immunology, Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|May 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) exposure in utero may promote chronic HBV infection. This analysis suggests HBeAg

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a key marker in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection.
  • The role of HBeAg in neonatal immune response and HBV chronicity requires further elucidation.
  • Previous studies suggest a lack of correlation between maternal HBeAg status and neonatal vaccine response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the potential influence of in utero HBeAg exposure on HBV infection.
  • To review HBeAg characteristics that may contribute to HBV chronicity.
  • To propose immunotolerance/immunomodulation as dominant functions of HBeAg in viral-host interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies on HBeAg and HBV.
  • Examination of the immunological impact of in utero exposure to HBeAg.
Keywords:
HBV vaccineHBeAgHepatitis B viruschronicityimmune tolerance

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  • Discussion of HBeAg's role in promoting viral persistence.

    • Main Results:

    • Maternal HBeAg status does not correlate with newborn immune response to HBV vaccine.
    • In utero exposure to HBeAg may have tolerogenic effects, potentially promoting chronicity.
    • HBeAg possesses characteristics that can influence viral-host interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The function of HBeAg should be recognized as primarily immunomodulatory or tolerogenic.
    • HBeAg plays a significant role in the development of chronic HBV infection.
    • Understanding HBeAg's immunomodulatory functions is crucial for managing HBV.