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Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine.

Nandkishor Ramdas Kotagale1, Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande2, Nazma Najirahmad Inamdar1

  • 1Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur Maharashtra, 441 002, India; Government Colleges of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, Amravati 444 604, Maharashtra, India.

Neurotoxicology
|May 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Agmatine demonstrates significant neuroprotective effects across various models of central nervous system (CNS) injury. Further research is needed to confirm its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
AgmatineExcitotoxicityIschemic toxicityMolecular targetsNeuroprotectionNeurotoxicityRetinal ganglionsSpinal cord injuryTraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Agmatine is an endogenous polyamine in the central nervous system (CNS).
  • It is derived from arginine via decarboxylation.
  • Agmatine has shown potential neuroprotective effects, similar to other polyamines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of agmatine in various types of neural injuries.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying agmatine's neuroprotective effects.
  • To discuss the potential of agmatine as a therapeutic agent for neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental evidence from CNS cell lines and animal models.
  • Analysis of mechanistic studies detailing agmatine's biological actions.
  • Examination of studies on agmatine's effects in excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, and ischemic/hypoxic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Agmatine exhibits neuroprotection in models of excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, corticosteroid-induced neurotoxicity, ischemic/hypoxic injury, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury.
  • It also protects retinal ganglion cells.
  • Mechanisms include antagonism of glutamatergic receptors, agonism of α2-adrenoceptors, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and antioxidant/anti-apoptotic activities.

Conclusions:

  • Preclinical evidence supports agmatine's potential for treating neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Further investigation into dosage, pharmacokinetics, and endogenous levels during injury is required.
  • Agmatine's multifaceted actions contribute to its neuroprotective capabilities.