Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

1.3K
Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
1.3K
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

405
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
405
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

440
Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
440
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

402
Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...
402
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

363
Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear....
363
Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:24

Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

359
Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
The proportional control gain, combined with the...
359

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Lighting the Way: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen's Journey Through Biophotonics and Beyond.

Biophotonics discovery·2026
Same author

Commensal-derived acetylcholine enhances mucosal immune education.

Nature·2026
Same author

Based on metabolome and transcriptome analysis, differences in organic acids of 'Korla Xiangli' fruit from different male parent.

Food chemistry. Molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Effects of skin tone and adipose thickness on frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy.

Biophotonics discovery·2026
Same author

Structured light imaging mesoscopy: application to skin changes in scleroderma.

Biophotonics discovery·2026
Same author

Welcome to Biophotonics Discovery.

Biophotonics discovery·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
07:12

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies

Published on: November 19, 2020

2.5K

Quantitative real-time pulse oximetry with ultrafast frequency-domain diffuse optics and deep neural network

Yanyu Zhao1, Mattew B Applegate1, Raeef Istfan1

  • 1Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Biomedical Optics Express
|May 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method to quantify hemoglobin concentrations in real-time using advanced pulse oximetry. This breakthrough offers enhanced non-invasive monitoring for cardiopulmonary applications.

More Related Videos

Deep Neural Networks for Image-Based Dietary Assessment
13:19

Deep Neural Networks for Image-Based Dietary Assessment

Published on: March 13, 2021

9.9K
Author Spotlight: Enhancement of Salient Object Detection for Smart Grid Applications
03:31

Author Spotlight: Enhancement of Salient Object Detection for Smart Grid Applications

Published on: December 15, 2023

1.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
07:12

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies

Published on: November 19, 2020

2.5K
Deep Neural Networks for Image-Based Dietary Assessment
13:19

Deep Neural Networks for Image-Based Dietary Assessment

Published on: March 13, 2021

9.9K
Author Spotlight: Enhancement of Salient Object Detection for Smart Grid Applications
03:31

Author Spotlight: Enhancement of Salient Object Detection for Smart Grid Applications

Published on: December 15, 2023

1.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Devices
  • Physiological Monitoring

Background:

  • Pulse oximetry is a standard non-invasive optical technology for assessing arterial oxygen saturation.
  • Current devices provide limited quantitative physiological data beyond oxygen saturation.
  • There is a need for advanced techniques to extract more detailed hemodynamic information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new quantitative methodology extending pulse oximetry capabilities.
  • To enable real-time measurement of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin molar concentrations.
  • To demonstrate enhanced non-invasive functional information for cardiopulmonary applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a high-speed frequency domain spectroscopy system with five wavelengths.
  • Implemented advanced digital hardware and real-time firmware processing for data acquisition.
  • Employed a deep neural network (DNN) for ultra-fast optical property calculations and hemoglobin concentration extraction.

Main Results:

  • Achieved real-time molar concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin at rates up to 27 Hz.
  • DNN inversion algorithm was significantly faster (five orders of magnitude) than conventional methods.
  • Demonstrated unbiased optical property extractions with low average errors in absorption and scattering.
  • Successfully tracked hemoglobin changes and quantitative photoplethysmographic signals during cuff occlusion.

Conclusions:

  • The presented technique substantially extends pulse oximetry capabilities beyond oxygen saturation.
  • Enables unprecedented real-time, non-invasive measurement of hemoglobin concentrations.
  • Offers broad applicability for advanced cardiopulmonary monitoring and diagnostics.