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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Routine Screening Method for Microparticles in Platelet Transfusions
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Routine Solid Phase Multiplex Anti-HLA Antibody Tests Predict Platelet Refractoriness.

Jeremy Ryan A Peña1,2, Robert S Makar3,2

  • 1Division of Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.

American Journal of Clinical Pathology
|May 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody screening using bead-based tests can predict the risk of developing alloimmune-mediated platelet refractoriness (alloPR). High panel reactive antibody (PRA) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) levels identified at-risk patients.

Keywords:
HLA antibodyPlatelet refractorinessPlatelet transfusion

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Science
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Alloimmune-mediated platelet refractoriness (alloPR) poses a significant challenge in patient care, particularly for hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients.
  • Currently, no validated screening methods exist to identify patients at risk for developing alloPR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if bead-based human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody tests can predict the risk of developing HLA alloPR.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of HLA antibody screening in identifying at-risk patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant patients screened for HLA antibodies prior to developing refractoriness.
  • Comparison of phenotype bead screening results between patients who developed alloPR and those who did not.

Main Results:

  • Seven of 27 patients developed alloPR.
  • Significantly higher panel reactive antibody (PRA) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the 10 most reactive beads were observed in patients who developed alloPR (P < .001).
  • PRA >30% and mean MFI ≥1,500 in the most reactive beads identified at-risk patients. HLA-compatible platelets improved posttransfusion count increments.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotype bead assay for HLA antibody screening may prospectively identify patients at risk for alloPR.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary to validate these predictive findings and guide clinical practice.