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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure
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Structural Brain Changes in Delirium: An Integrative Review.

Laura Beth Kalvas1, Todd B Monroe1

  • 11 The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA.

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PubMed
Summary

Structural neuroimaging studies reveal brain abnormalities in delirium patients, including white matter damage and atrophy. More high-quality research is needed to understand the neurobiology of this acute illness complication.

Keywords:
computed tomographydeliriummagnetic resonance imagingneuroimagingneuropathology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Geriatrics
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Delirium is a common and serious complication in acutely ill patients.
  • The neurobiology of delirium remains poorly understood, partly due to difficulties studying hospitalized individuals.
  • Neuroimaging offers a noninvasive approach to investigate brain abnormalities in delirium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and assess the existing structural neuroimaging evidence in delirium.
  • To identify common structural brain abnormalities associated with delirium.

Main Methods:

  • An integrative literature review was conducted.
  • Eleven articles meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed for structural neuroimaging findings in delirium.

Main Results:

  • Commonly reported structural abnormalities include impaired white matter integrity, brain atrophy, ischemic lesions, edema, and inflammation.
  • Findings indicate widespread alterations across multiple brain structures.
  • The reviewed studies often had limitations such as small sample sizes and inadequate delirium assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Structural neuroimaging suggests significant brain alterations in delirium.
  • Further high-quality research is necessary to elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of delirium.