[Transfusion-associated circulatory overload with pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage following allogeneic bone marrow...

A 51-year-old man underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for recurrent acute myeloid leukemia. Although the patient developed slight edema, pleural effusion, and cardiac effusion 6 months after BMT, his clinical condition improved with furosemide treatment. The patient was transfused with red blood cells for the management of anemia 8 months after BMT. He developed acute respiratory failure with pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage 80 min after the transfusion. He was diagnosed with transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) due to the presence of acute pulmonary congestion and depressed left ventricular systolic function. Reduced circulatory load due to sufficient furosemide led to ventilator weaning 3 days later. Other causes of pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage were excluded, and the patient's condition improved by cardiac failure treatment only. This clinical course indicated that pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage would breakdown the blood vessels due to acute pulmonary congestion. Chemotherapy and prolonged anemia are high risks for cardiac failure in patients with hematological malignancies. Therefore, the possibility of cardiac failure is considered when patients with hematological malignancies have fluid retention, such as cardiac enlargement, edema, and pleural effusion. Moreover, the body fluids should be monitored before and after blood transfusion.