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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides.

Clément Vic1,2, Alberto C Naveira Garabato3, J A Mattias Green4

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Turbulent mixing in the deep ocean is essential for regulating Earth's climate by transporting heat, freshwater, and biogeochemical tracers.
  • Tides generate internal waves, or internal tides, which are a major energy source for deep ocean mixing, but their dissipation pathways remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the energetic contribution of small-scale internal tides to global ocean mixing.
  • To understand the geographical distribution of internal tide energy.
  • To improve the representation of ocean mixing in climate models.

Main Methods:

  • Combined a semi-analytical model of internal tide generation with satellite and in situ measurements.
  • Analyzed the energy budget of internal tide generation and breaking.
  • Assessed the geographical variations in internal tide energy proportion.

Main Results:

  • Small-scale internal tides account for over 50% of global internal tide generation, breaking, and mixing.
  • Significant geographical variations in the energy proportion of small-scale internal tides were identified.
  • Current climate models overlook the pronounced energy contribution of small-scale internal tides.

Conclusions:

  • Small-scale internal tides play a dominant role in ocean mixing and energy dissipation.
  • Accurate climate modeling requires incorporating the geographical variability of small-scale internal tide mixing.
  • A new, physically consistent approach is proposed for representing small-scale internal tide dissipation in climate models.