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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events occurring throughout a typical cell’s life. In eukaryotic cells, the somatic cell cycle has two stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, performs its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and prepares for mitotic cell division. Then, during mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell divides its nuclear and cytoplasmic materials, respectively. This generates two daughter cells that are identical to the original...
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Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes
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Ribosome biogenesis during cell cycle arrest fuels EMT in development and disease.

Varsha Prakash1,2, Brittany B Carson1, Jennifer M Feenstra1,2

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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) drives ribosome biogenesis, enhancing cell migration and tumor metastasis. Inhibiting this process can reduce tumor growth and spread, offering new therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ribosome biogenesis is crucial for cell growth and proliferation.
  • Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a cellular program linked to development and tumor metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ribosome biogenesis in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT).
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms linking EMT and ribosome biogenesis.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of inhibiting EMT-associated ribosome biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ribosome biogenesis during EMT.
  • Investigation of nucleolar chromatin remodeling complex (NoRC) release and transcription factor recruitment.
  • Assessment of Rictor and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) involvement.
  • In vivo studies inhibiting rRNA synthesis in primary tumors.

Main Results:

  • EMT execution is fueled by upregulated ribosome biogenesis during G1/S arrest.
  • This process involves NoRC release from rDNA and recruitment of Snai1, RNA Polymerase I (Pol I), and UBF.
  • EMT is associated with increased nucleolar recruitment of Rictor (mTORC2 component).
  • Inhibition of rRNA synthesis leads to tumor differentiation, reduced metastasis, and an ERα-positive, Rictor-negative phenotype.

Conclusions:

  • EMT-associated ribosome biogenesis promotes cellular plasticity and de-differentiation.
  • This program is implicated in cancer progression and metastatic disease.
  • Targeting rRNA synthesis offers a potential strategy to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis.