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Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements.

Daniel M Siegel1,2,3,4, Jennifer Barnes5,6, Brian D Metzger5,6

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Cosmochemistry

Background:

  • Neutron-star mergers are theoretically and observationally linked to the production of heavy elements via the rapid neutron capture (r-process).
  • Previous studies suggested that accretion disks around black holes formed in neutron-star mergers are the primary source of r-process elements from such events.
  • Recent observations of element-rich stars and galactic chemical enrichment patterns suggest alternative or additional sources for cosmic r-process elements, particularly those formed in low-metallicity environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of collapsar accretion disks as a significant source of r-process elements.
  • To compare the contribution of collapsars to the cosmic abundance of r-process elements relative to neutron-star mergers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized simulations to model the r-process nucleosynthesis in accretion disks formed around black holes in collapsars.
  • Quantified the yield of r-process elements from collapsar accretion disks.
  • Compared the calculated yields with observed cosmic abundances and estimated event rates.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrate that collapsar accretion disks can produce sufficient r-process elements to account for observed abundances in the Universe.
  • Despite their lower occurrence rate compared to neutron-star mergers, collapsars eject a larger quantity of material per event.
  • Collapsars are calculated to be capable of supplying over 80% of the r-process elements found in the Universe.

Conclusions:

  • Collapsar accretion disks represent a dominant, previously underestimated, source of cosmic r-process elements.
  • The findings challenge the prevailing view that neutron-star mergers are the sole significant contributors to heavy element production.
  • This study highlights the crucial role of rare, energetic supernovae in shaping the chemical composition of the Universe.