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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction

Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction

Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior...

What is a Mode?

What is a Mode?

The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 5, 2014

How does methylphenidate affect default mode network? A systematic review.

P H Santos¹, R Goncalves¹, S Pedroso¹

¹Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal.

Revista De Neurologia

|May 10, 2019

Summary

Methylphenidate may improve default mode network (DMN) dysfunction in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related disorders. This medication appears to normalize brain circuits, potentially enhancing task performance in affected individuals.

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Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

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Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Psychiatry

Background:

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other neuropsychiatric disorders are linked to default mode network (DMN) dysfunction.
DMN activity is typically attenuated during task execution and anticorrelated with task-positive networks in healthy individuals.
Methylphenidate is a common treatment, hypothesized to normalize DMN deactivation and improve task performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the literature on methylphenidate's effects on DMN activity.
To explore the hypothesis that methylphenidate administration normalizes DMN deactivation.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was conducted.
Studies were included if they measured methylphenidate's impact on DMN activity.

Main Results:

Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria for the review.
Eleven studies indicated methylphenidate administration led to improvements in DMN-related brain areas.
Findings suggest a normalization of brain circuits in individuals with DMN dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Preliminary findings support methylphenidate's efficacy in improving DMN dysfunction in ADHD and other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Further research is necessary to fully elucidate methylphenidate's mechanisms of action on DMN.