Soluble CD163 and TWEAK in early pregnancy gestational diabetes and later glucose intolerance

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is today universally diagnosed during late pregnancy. Treating hyperglycaemia during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications, the effect of interventions is however limited due to the late diagnosis. It is thus important to identify biomarkers reaching a high precision for GDM development in early pregnancy. Here we aim to investigate soluble CD163 (sCD163) and soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) in early pregnancy GDM and their association to the development of later glucose intolerance. In this case-control study, women diagnosed with GDM in early pregnancy (n = 70) at Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden in 2011-2015 were age- and BMI matched to pregnant volunteers without diabetes (n = 70) recruited in early pregnancy from maternal health care centres in 2014-2015. Plasma levels of sCD163 and sTWEAK were analysed using commercial ELISA. Plasma levels of sCD163 did not differ between patients with and without GDM in early pregnancy (p = 0.86), plasma levels of sTWEAK however was decreased in women with GDM (0.71 [0.4-1.75] ng/ml) compared to controls (1.38 [0.63-4.86] ng/ml; p = 0.003). Women with sTWEAK levels in the lowest tertile had an increased risk of GDM in early pregnancy (p = 0.014). Neither sCD163 nor sTWEAK were associated with later glucose intolerance in women with GDM. This study reports decreased levels of sTWEAK in women with early pregnancy GDM, independent of age and BMI. Neither sCD163 nor sTWEAK were found to be associated to later glucose intolerance.