Nanodiamonds for bioapplications-specific targeting strategies

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Nanodiamonds (NDs) possess unique quantum properties for drug delivery, fluorescent imaging, and sensing of biophysical parameters.
• Selective targeting of biomolecules using NDs in complex biological systems presents a significant challenge.
• Surface engineering of NDs is crucial for overcoming targeting limitations and enhancing their utility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review ND surface functionalizations and modifications for selective biomolecule targeting.
• To explore the application of engineered NDs in biomedical and biophysical contexts.
• To highlight the role of surface design in achieving specific cellular interactions.

Main Methods:

• Covalent and noncovalent modification of ND surfaces with silica, polymers, or biomolecules.
• Control of ND size, colloidal stability, and biomolecular selectivity through surface engineering.
• Introduction of NDs into cells via electroporation, chemical treatment, injection, or endocytosis.

Main Results:

• Surface modifications enhance ND biocompatibility, dispersibility, and cellular uptake.
• Engineered NDs achieve specific targeting of biomolecules through designed biochemical routes.
• Methods for ND internalization into cells vary in efficiency and impact on cell viability.

Conclusions:

• Surface functionalization is key to unlocking the potential of NDs for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
• Engineered NDs enable precise measurement of physical parameters for a deeper understanding of cell functions.
• Strategic surface design of NDs is essential for advancing their biomedical and biophysical applications.