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Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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Mixtures of Acids

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Enhanced Genetic Analysis of Single Human Bioparticles Recovered by Simplified Micromanipulation from Forensic ‘Touch DNA’ Evidence

Enhanced Genetic Analysis of Single Human Bioparticles Recovered by Simplified Micromanipulation from Forensic ‘Touch DNA’ Evidence

Published on: March 9, 2015

Forensic molecular biomarkers for mixture analysis.

Fabio Oldoni¹, Daniele Podini¹

¹Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States.

Forensic Science International. Genetics

|May 10, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic scientists can now better analyze complex DNA mixtures using novel genetic markers like microhaplotypes and compound markers. These advancements improve the deconvolution of samples from multiple individuals, enhancing forensic investigations.

Keywords:

Autosomal STR Capillary electrophoresis Compound markers DIP-SNP DIP-STR Forensic mixture profiling Genetic markers Indel/DIP Massively parallel sequencing Microhaplotype Rapidly mutating Y-STR SNP SNP-STR Y-STR

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Area of Science:

Forensic Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

DNA mixture deconvolution is a long-standing challenge in forensic science.
Conventional methods struggle with complex mixtures involving two or more individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review novel genetic markers that enhance DNA mixture deconvolution.
To explore the application of these markers in forensic investigations.

Main Methods:

Description of multi-SNP loci (microhaplotypes), compound markers (DIP-STRs, SNP-STRs, DIP-SNPs), and lineage markers (Y chromosome STRs).
Discussion of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) applications.

Main Results:

These novel markers improve the deconvolution of two- and multi-person DNA mixtures.
Emerging biomarkers aid in detecting same- or opposite-sex donors.

Conclusions:

New molecular biomarkers significantly advance DNA mixture profiling capabilities.
MPS-based assays offer powerful tools for forensic DNA analysis.