Biocompatible gold nanoclusters: synthetic strategies and biomedical prospects

The latest advances concerning ultra-small gold nanoparticles (≤2 nm) commonly known as gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are reviewed and discussed in the context of biological and biomedical applications (labeling, delivery, imaging and therapy). A great diversity of synthetic methods has been developed and optimized aiming to improve the chemical structures and physicochemical properties of the resulting AuNCs. The main synthetic approaches were surveyed with emphasis on methods leading to water-soluble AuNCs since aqueous solutions are the preferred media for biological applications. The most representative and recent experimental results are discussed in relationship to their potential for biomedical applications.