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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy
Published on: February 25, 2021
The Impacts of Potassium Permanganate and Powdered Activated Carbon on Cyanotoxin Release
Nicholas R Dugan1, Samantha Smith2, Toby T Sanan3
1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 513-569-7239, dugan.nicholas@epa.gov.
Abstract:
Bench-scale trials were performed to: (1) Expose Microcystis aeruginosa cells to potassium permanganate doses of 1, 3 and 5 mg/L, at contact times of 15, 30 and 90 minutes, pH levels of 7 and 9, and turbidities of 0.1, 5 and 20 NTU; (2) Compare the impacts of oxidation alone and oxidation plus powdered activated carbon for the final 60 minutes of contact time and (3) evaluate the impact of these treatment conditions on extracellular microcystins, extra- plus intracellular (combined) microcystins, cell membrane integrity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Toxin releases from the cells were observed at both pH levels. The greatest toxin releases were observed at the lowest KMnO4 doses. The toxin releases were accompanied by relatively stable total cell counts, increases in membrane compromised cells and decreases in chlorophyll-a. The application of 10 mg/L PAC resulted in extracellular toxin concentrations that were markedly lower than those observed in oxidant-only situations.
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