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Related Concept Videos

What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Absorption of Nutrients01:19

Absorption of Nutrients

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Absorption refers to taking dietary nutrients from the intestinal lumen for transportation throughout the body. After digestion in the small intestine, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler forms. These essential macronutrients and other vital substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and water, are then prepared for absorption into the bloodstream.
Enterocytes, which are specialized polar epithelial cells, line the mucosa of the small intestinal walls. These cells...
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Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements
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Calcium-Nutrient and Messenger.

Kathrin Thor1

  • 1The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|May 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Calcium plays a vital role in plant growth and defense signaling. Understanding calcium uptake, transport, and homeostasis is key to enhancing plant immunity against biotic stresses.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Calcium is essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses.
  • It acts as a structural component and a crucial second messenger in signaling pathways.
  • Maintaining calcium homeostasis is vital for plant immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on calcium's role in plant immunity.
  • To explore mechanisms of calcium uptake, transport, and homeostasis.
  • To discuss the impact of plant calcium nutrition on immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on calcium in plants.
  • Analysis of genes and pathways involved in calcium signaling.
  • Discussion of nutritional aspects and their relation to plant defense.
Keywords:
calciumcell wallimmunitykinasesnutrient signalingrootstransportersuptake

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Main Results:

  • Calcium influx into the cytosol triggers plant defense responses.
  • Specific genes and mechanisms regulate calcium homeostasis.
  • Plant calcium status influences the ability to mount effective immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium is a critical regulator of plant immunity.
  • Further research into calcium transport and homeostasis can improve crop resilience.
  • Optimizing plant calcium nutrition is a promising strategy for enhancing disease resistance.