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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

49.5K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

1.5K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
1.5K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

36.7K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
36.7K
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

56.9K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging
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Photocatalyzed borylation using water-soluble quantum dots.

Hediyala B Chandrashekar1, Arun Maji, Ganga Halder

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076, India. dmaiti@chem.iitb.ac.in.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|May 11, 2019
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Summary

Quantum dots catalyze arylboronate synthesis in water, overcoming a key challenge. This new method uses a biphasic system for efficient borylation of diazonium salts with broad substrate scope.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Photocatalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Arylboronate synthesis via Sandmeyer-type reactions in water is challenging.
  • Developing efficient and water-tolerant catalytic systems is crucial for sustainable chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel photocatalytic method for arylboronate synthesis in aqueous media.
  • To utilize water-soluble quantum dots (QDs) as efficient photocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Employing MPA-capped quantum dot (QD) photocatalysts.
  • Utilizing a biphasic system under mild acidic conditions.
  • Borylation of diazonium salts using various borylating agents.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of arylboronates in the presence of water.
  • Demonstrated broad substrate scope and compatibility with diverse borylating agents.
  • Achieved high turnover numbers (TON) and distinguished reactivity between boronic acids and boronates.

Conclusions:

  • MPA-capped QD photocatalysts enable efficient aqueous arylboronate synthesis.
  • The biphasic system and mild acidic conditions are key to preventing side reactions.
  • The methodology offers a robust and versatile approach for synthesizing valuable boronates.