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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Overview of Exosomes

Overview of Exosomes

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Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

Second Order systems II

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

Published on: July 12, 2024

Exosomes: cell-created drug delivery systems.

Anastasia Familtseva¹, Nevena Jeremic², Suresh C Tyagi¹

¹Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Centre A-1210, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

|May 11, 2019

Summary

This review explores methods for loading exosomes, which are tiny cell-derived vesicles, with therapeutic cargoes. It covers electroporation, gene overexpression, drug treatment, and chemical transfection for exosome engineering.

Keywords:

Electroporation Endothelial cells Exosomes

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Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

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Preparation of Exosomes for siRNA Delivery to Cancer Cells

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Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Published on: October 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Nanomedicine
Cell Biology

Background:

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles (40-100 nm) originating from endocytic compartments and secreted into biological fluids.
Their phospholipid membrane structure facilitates the loading of exogenous substances.
Exosomes are promising nanocarriers for drug delivery and other therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss various methods for loading exosomes with exogenous cargoes.
To evaluate the advantages and limitations of different exosome loading techniques.
To explore novel approaches for incorporating substances into extracellular vesicles.

Main Methods:

Electroporation for direct cargo loading into exosomes.
Gene overexpression in exosome-donor cells to incorporate specific therapeutic molecules.
Drug treatment of cell lines to enrich exosomes with desired compounds.
Chemical-based exosome transfection for visualizing siRNA loading and delivery.

Main Results:

Electroporation offers a versatile method for loading exosomes with diverse cargoes.
Genetic and drug-based approaches leverage natural biogenesis pathways for cargo incorporation.
Chemical transfection enables visualization of exosome loading and recipient cell interaction.
Each method presents unique advantages and limitations regarding efficiency, specificity, and scalability.

Conclusions:

Multiple strategies exist for engineering exosomes as therapeutic delivery vehicles.
Understanding the nuances of each loading technique is crucial for optimizing exosome-based therapies.
Further research into novel incorporation methods can enhance the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery.