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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

30.6K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.6K
Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

61.9K
Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
61.9K
Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

59.4K
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
59.4K
Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

62.5K
The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
62.5K
Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

52.8K
The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
52.8K
Half-life of a Reaction02:42

Half-life of a Reaction

38.8K
The half-life of a reaction (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of a given amount of reactant to be consumed. In each succeeding half-life, half of the remaining concentration of the reactant is consumed. For example, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, during the first half-life (from 0.00 hours to 6.00 hours), the concentration of H2O2 decreases from 1.000 M to 0.500 M. During the second half-life (from 6.00 hours to 12.00 hours), the concentration decreases from 0.500 M to...
38.8K

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Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope
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Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Published on: July 24, 2021

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Reaction microscope endstation at FLASH2.

Georg Schmid1, Kirsten Schnorr1, Sven Augustin1

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|May 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new reaction microscope enables studying ultrafast dynamics in atoms and molecules using extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulses. This instrument facilitates time-resolved XUV-XUV pump-probe spectroscopy for light-matter interactions.

Keywords:
XUV–XUV pump–probe spectroscopyfree-electron lasermulti-particle coincidence spectroscopynon-linear light–matter interactionreaction microscopetime-resolved molecular dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Ultrafast Spectroscopy
  • Free-Electron Laser Science

Background:

  • Reaction microscopes are crucial for multi-particle coincidence spectroscopy.
  • Understanding ultrafast dynamics requires high time resolution.
  • Non-linear light-matter interactions are key to probing atomic and molecular behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To install and utilize a novel reaction microscope at the FLASH2 free-electron laser.
  • To investigate the dynamics of atoms, molecules, and clusters on their natural timescales.
  • To enable time-resolved extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pump-probe spectroscopy for studying light-matter interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-particle coincidence spectroscopy using a reaction microscope.
  • Installation and operation at beamline FL26 of the free-electron laser FLASH2.
  • Integration with an in-line extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) split-delay and focusing optics.

Main Results:

  • Successful installation of a dedicated reaction microscope for gas-phase samples.
  • Establishment of capabilities for time-resolved XUV-XUV pump-probe spectroscopy.
  • Enabling the study of ultrafast dynamics and non-linear light-matter interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The new instrument provides a powerful platform for ultrafast science.
  • It opens new avenues for investigating fundamental light-matter interactions.
  • The reaction microscope is poised to advance the understanding of atomic and molecular dynamics.