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Amino acids03:42

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery
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Amino Acid-Functionalized Polyelectrolyte Films as Bioactive Surfaces for Cell Adhesion.

M S Leal1, X Briones1, V Villalobos2

  • 1Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Chile , Las Palmeras , 3425 Santiago , Chile.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyelectrolyte surfaces functionalized with amino acids (PSMA-Gln, PSMA-Met, PSMA-Tyr) were created to study their effect on neuroblastoma cell adhesion. PSMA-Met surfaces promoted extended cell morphology, while PSMA-Gln and PSMA-Tyr surfaces resulted in rounded cells.

Keywords:
SH-SY5Y neuroblastomaamino acidcell adhesionfunctionalizationpolyelectrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Developing novel biomaterials with tailored surface properties is crucial for controlling cellular behavior.
  • Polyelectrolytes offer versatile platforms for surface modification due to their tunable chemical and physical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of polyelectrolyte chemical functionality on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell adhesion.
  • To evaluate how environmental parameters like pH and ionic strength influence polyelectrolyte adsorption and surface morphology.
  • To correlate surface properties with cell morphology and adhesion.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of poly(styrene- alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) derivatives functionalized with l-glutamine, l-methionine, and l-tyrosine.
  • Adsorption studies on modified silicon wafer surfaces under varying pH and ionic strength conditions.
  • Surface characterization using contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Cell adhesion assays using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

Main Results:

  • Polyelectrolyte adsorption was highest at pH 4.0 and high ionic strength, particularly for PSMA-Gln and PSMA-Tyr films.
  • Surface morphology varied, with PSMA-Met and PSMA-Tyr forming globular nanostructures and PSMA-Gln exhibiting a nanofibrous-like structure.
  • SH-SY5Y cells on PSMA-Met showed well-extended, stellate morphologies, while cells on PSMA-Gln and PSMA-Tyr appeared rounded with fewer processes.

Conclusions:

  • Surface characteristics of amino acid-functionalized polyelectrolytes can be modulated by chemical functionality and environmental factors.
  • These modified surfaces provide a simple platform for controlling cell adhesion and morphology.
  • This approach is valuable for developing biomaterials with tunable surface properties for biomedical applications.