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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

37.0K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Water use indicators at farm scale - An agro-hydrological software solution.

Simone Kraatz1, Judy A Libra2, Katrin Drastig3

  • 1Department Postharvest Technology, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Division of Animal Husbandry and Ethology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.

The Science of the Total Environment
|May 11, 2019
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Summary

This study introduces the AgroHyd Farmmodel, a web-based tool helping farmers manage water resources sustainably. It analyzes how farming decisions impact water use and crop production, even with variable rainfall.

Keywords:
AgricultureFarmer's decision makingIndicatorModelingSoftwareWater

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Hydrology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Increasing climate variability and regional water resource changes challenge sustainable agricultural intensification.
  • Effective farm management is crucial for balancing crop production with water resource preservation.
  • Stakeholder collaboration is essential for addressing water resource variability at multiple scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the AgroHyd Farmmodel, a web-based software for assessing farm-level water resource impacts.
  • To analyze the effects of farm management decisions on water flows and agricultural productivity.
  • To provide data for informed decision-making in water-scarce agricultural regions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stand-alone, web-based software (AgroHyd Farmmodel) integrating agricultural and water systems.
  • Case study in northeastern Germany focusing on 12 crops under rainfed and supplemental irrigation.
  • Analysis of water use indicators (e.g., water intensity, water productivity) over three years with varying rainfall (373–790 mm).

Main Results:

  • The AgroHyd Farmmodel effectively simulates water flows and agricultural impacts across different scales.
  • Significant variations in water intensity and water productivity were observed due to annual rainfall differences.
  • Farm management decisions, including crop choice and irrigation, demonstrably influenced water use and crop outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The AgroHyd Farmmodel provides valuable insights into the relationship between farm management and water resource sustainability.
  • Understanding local water variability is key to optimizing agricultural practices and improving water productivity.
  • The model supports farmers in making data-driven decisions for more resilient and sustainable farming systems.