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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

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Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis
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Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors.

Giovanni Rosti1, Simona Secondino1, Andrea Necchi2

  • 1Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Italy.

Seminars in Oncology
|May 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) have a poorer prognosis. Due to rarity, current treatments follow general germ cell tumor guidelines, highlighting the need for more research.

Keywords:
Extragonadal Germ Cell TumorPrimary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCT)Rare diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Germ cell tumors (GCTs) typically originate in the gonads but can rarely occur outside, such as in the mediastinum.
  • Primary mediastinal GCTs (PMGCTs) present a poorer prognosis compared to gonadal or retroperitoneal GCTs, classified as "poor risk" disease.
  • The rarity of PMGCTs poses challenges in understanding and treating this specific subtype of GCTs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features, prognostic factors, and therapeutic strategies for primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs).
  • To synthesize current knowledge on PMGCTs from existing medical literature.
  • To identify gaps in research and suggest future directions for improving the management of PMGCTs.

Main Methods:

  • A Medline search of English-language publications was conducted to gather relevant data.
  • The review focused on studies detailing clinical characteristics, prognostic indicators, and treatment approaches for PMGCTs.
  • Literature analysis was performed to summarize the current state of knowledge.

Main Results:

  • The rarity of PMGCTs precludes prospective comparative studies on treatment strategies.
  • Current recommendations from oncology societies advise treating PMGCTs similarly to other GCTs based on general risk stratification.
  • Existing data highlight the need for standardized treatment protocols and further investigation into prognostic factors.

Conclusions:

  • The lack of prospective studies and novel therapeutic strategies necessitates the creation of an international database for PMGCTs.
  • Further research is crucial to identify effective novel therapeutic agents for PMGCTs.
  • Improved data collection and collaborative efforts are essential to advance the understanding and treatment of these rare tumors.