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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Using Changes in Leaf Transmission to Investigate Chloroplast Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana
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tRNA Wobble Modification Affects Leaf Cell Development in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Yumi Nakai1, Gorou Horiguchi2, Kosei Iwabuchi3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology
|May 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The wobbleU* modification in transfer RNA (tRNA) is crucial for plant development. This study reveals its role in balancing leaf tissue growth for proper plant morphogenesis.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisElongatorEndoreduplicationPalisade mesophyll cellsWobbleU* modificationtRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications fine-tune protein translation efficiency and rate.
  • The wobbleU* modification, found at the wobble position of Lys, Glu, and Gln tRNAs, influences organismal function in response to growth and environmental cues.
  • The specific cellular and tissue-level impacts of wobbleU* modification remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of sulfur modification of wobbleU* in tRNA in the development of *Arabidopsis thaliana* leaves.
  • To elucidate the cellular and tissue-level effects of impaired wobbleU* modification on leaf morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two *Arabidopsis thaliana* mutants with impaired wobbleU* modification: URM1-like protein-defective and Elongator complex-defective mutants.
  • Phenotypic analysis of leaf development, including intercellular airspaces, leaf size, cell number and area (palisade mesophyll, epidermal pavement cells), and endoreduplication timing.
  • Assessment of genetic interactions with the *ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2* mutation.

Main Results:

  • Impaired wobbleU* modification led to increased leaf airspaces and overall leaf size.
  • Mutants showed an increased number of epidermal pavement cells but with reduced individual cell size.
  • The initiation of endoreduplication in mesophyll cells was delayed in the mutants.
  • The *ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2* mutant phenotype was exacerbated in Elongator-defective mutants but not in URM1-like protein-defective mutants.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfur modification of wobbleU* in tRNA is essential for normal leaf development in *Arabidopsis thaliana*.
  • The wobbleU* modification plays a critical role in leaf morphogenesis by regulating the balance between epidermal and mesophyll tissue development.
  • This modification impacts cellular processes like cell division, expansion, and endoreduplication, contributing to overall leaf structure.