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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
24.3K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
24.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.7K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
29.7K
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

65.4K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Preparation of Whole Bone Marrow for Mass Cytometry Analysis of Neutrophil-lineage Cells
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Method for Tagging Antibodies with Metals for Mass Cytometry Experiments.

Stephen Gregory Chang1, Cynthia J Guidos2,3

  • 1The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. greg.chang@sickkids.ca.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances the Fluidigm MaxPar protocol for mass cytometry, enabling higher antibody yields and custom metal labeling for improved cellular analysis. These modifications optimize metal-tagged antibody production for CyTOF applications.

Keywords:
CyTOFFluidigmHeliosMass cytometryMaxParMetal-chelating polymers

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Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis
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Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

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Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

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Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis
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Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Mass cytometry (CyTOF) uses time-of-flight mass spectrometry to quantify metal-tagged antibodies (Abs) in single cells.
  • The Fluidigm MaxPar protocol is the standard for conjugating metal isotopes to antibodies for CyTOF.
  • Existing methods for antibody conjugation have limitations in yield and flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize and expand the capabilities of the Fluidigm MaxPar protocol for metal-tagged antibody generation.
  • To increase the efficiency and flexibility of antibody labeling for mass cytometry applications.
  • To enable the use of custom metal isotopes not available in commercial kits.

Main Methods:

  • Modified the Fluidigm MaxPar protocol to increase antibody input up to 150 μg per reaction.
  • Incorporated an antibody quality control step prior to metal conjugation.
  • Utilized metal labels outside the standard Fluidigm catalog.
  • Developed a streamlined protocol for performing two reactions in a single centrifugal filter.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a significant increase in the quantity of antibody conjugated per reaction.
  • Successfully implemented custom metal labeling with non-catalog isotopes.
  • Introduced a quality control measure to ensure antibody integrity before conjugation.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of performing dual reactions for enhanced throughput.

Conclusions:

  • The modified protocol offers a more efficient and versatile approach to generating metal-tagged antibodies for mass cytometry.
  • These enhancements allow for greater flexibility in experimental design and the use of novel metal isotopes.
  • The optimized protocol facilitates higher-quality data acquisition in CyTOF experiments.