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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Chronic Q fever associated with systemic sclerosis.

Anne F M Jansen1,2, Ruud P H Raijmakers1,2, Marcel van Deuren1,2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Clinical Investigation
|May 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Chronic Q fever infection preceding systemic sclerosis may lead to a milder disease course. However, Q fever in immunocompromised patients can worsen systemic sclerosis.

Keywords:
Coxiella burnetiichronic Q feverpersistent focalized Q fever infectionsystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The 2007-2010 Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands identified over 300 chronic Q fever cases.
  • Concurrent diagnoses of chronic Q fever and systemic sclerosis (SSc) highlight a potential link.
  • This study investigates the interplay between persistent Q fever and SSc progression.

Observation:

  • Four cases of chronic Q fever and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis were analyzed.
  • Three older male patients with Q fever preceding SSc showed mild SSc, not requiring immunosuppression.
  • One younger female patient on immunosuppressives for SSc likely developed Q fever, experiencing a more severe SSc course.

Findings:

  • Chronic Q fever preceding SSc was associated with a milder disease phenotype.
  • SSc progression in the context of Q fever developing in an immunocompromised state was more severe.
  • Adequate treatment of chronic Q fever in early stages may influence SSc outcomes.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness of concomitant Q fever and SSc is crucial for timely diagnosis.
  • Understanding the disease course can guide treatment strategies for patients with both conditions.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Coxiella burnetii infection and systemic sclerosis.