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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Does intra-uterine language experience modulate word stress processing? An ERP study.

Zsuzsanna Varga1, Linda Garami2, Anett Ragó3

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Semmelweis University 1st Department of Paediatrics, Bókay János utca 53-54., H- 1083, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.

Research in Developmental Disabilities
|May 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prenatal exposure to speech prosody aids word stress processing in infants. Missing this early tuning, common in preterm infants, may pose risks for language development.

Keywords:
MMRMaturity statusPreterm infantsStress processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Preterm birth presents risks for language development, potentially linked to prenatal auditory experiences.
  • Prosodic tuning, beginning prenatally, influences the processing of crucial speech features like word stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of intrauterine experience to word stress processing.
  • To demonstrate the effect of prenatal sound exposure on infants' stress sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related potential (ERP) responses were recorded in 34 preterm infants.
  • Infants were presented with bisyllabic pseudo-words in oddball conditions, varying stress patterns and roles.

Main Results:

  • Mismatch responses to illegally stressed stimuli were observed, with no difference between preterm and full-term infants.
  • Preterm infants showed exaggerated processing of native stress information, highlighting the role of preterm status.
  • Moderate-late preterm infants demonstrated better stress processing than very preterm infants, confirming the impact of intrauterine prosody exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal exposure to prosody is crucial for developing stable word stress representations.
  • A lack of this prenatal tuning is a significant risk factor for language acquisition difficulties.