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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
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Reducing complexity in acid-base diagnosis - how far should we go?

Thomas J Morgan1

  • 1Intensive Care Unit, Mater Health Services, Mater Research-University of Queensland, Stanley Street, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia. t.morgan@uq.edu.au.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
|May 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Strong ion difference (SID) and strong ion gap (SIG) calculations, including SIDa adj and BICgap, are not clinically useful for assessing acid-base status. The albumin-corrected anion gap is more practical for clinicians.

Keywords:
Strong ion differenceStrong ion gap

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Stewart's physical chemical approach provides a mathematical model for plasma.
  • Traditional Copenhagen and Boston approaches are established methods for acid-base assessment.
  • Scanning tools for unmeasured ions, like the strong ion gap (SIG), are based on the Principle of Electrical Neutrality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical utility of isolated plasma strong ion difference (SID) and strong ion gap (SIG) calculations.
  • To compare these methods with simplified versions like SIDa adj and the BICgap.
  • To determine the accuracy and practical usefulness of these different approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of scanning tools for unmeasured ions based on the Principle of Electrical Neutrality.
  • Assessment of the strong ion gap (SIG) and its cut-down versions, including the albumin-adjusted anion gap and the BICgap.
  • Analysis of plasma SID and related calculations in vivo, considering variations with PCO2 and Gibbs Donnan ion traffic.

Main Results:

  • Plasma SID and SIDa adj are not independent in vivo variables, varying with PCO2 and exhibiting bias.
  • SID values require non-volatile weak acid concentrations for accurate metabolic acid-base status evaluation.
  • The BICgap, a simplified SIG, has similar sensitivity and specificity to the albumin-corrected anion gap but is more complex.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians are unlikely to find SID calculations or SIDa adj clinically useful.
  • The albumin-corrected anion gap is currently used and easily calculated from point-of-care data.
  • The BICgap offers no significant advantage over the albumin-corrected anion gap due to its calculation complexity.